Risk Factors for Alcohol, Marijuana, and Cigarette Polysubstance Use During Adolescence and Young Adulthood: A 7-Year Longitudinal Study of Youth at High Risk for Smoking Escalation

More anxiety symptoms were associated with greater frequency of poly-substance use over time in adolescents and young adults at high risk for smoking escalation, with effects moderated by gender (sign

Effect: decline; beta = .04, t(7726) = 3.57

More depression symptoms were associated with greater frequency of poly-substance use over time, with effects moderated by gender (significant for males but not females for poly-substance and marijuan

Effect: decline; beta = .05, t(7726) = 4.24

Weaker negative mood regulation expectancies (lower belief in ability to alter negative moods) were associated with greater poly-substance use over time, specifically associated with more marijuana an

Effect: decline; beta = -.04, t(7726) = -3.34

Lower baseline GPA was associated with more poly-substance use over time and with increased use of each substance individually, with a gender interaction showing the effect was stronger for males than

Effect: decline; beta = -.09, t(7588) = -7.11