Parenting style influences bullying: A longitudinal study comparing children with and without behavioural problems

Greater parent support for child autonomy at age 4-5 years was associated with a significantly greater decline in bullying over the following 5 years, irrespective of diagnostic group (ADHD, ADHD+ODD,

Effect: improvement; B(SE) = -0.17(0.07), t = -2.31

Parent negative affect at age 4-5 did not predict either initial levels or change in bullying over 5 years once support for child autonomy, diagnostic status, and SES were controlled.

Effect: null; B(SE) = 0.04(0.10), t = 0.45

Children with ADHD+ODD had significantly higher initial levels of bullying compared to children without these diagnoses, with each step up in diagnostic severity (no diagnosis, ADHD only, ADHD+ODD) as

Effect: decline; B(SE) = 1.37(0.35), t = 3.88

Emotionally supportive parenting and quality of parent-child interactions at age 4-5 were not significantly associated with bullying at any time point and were excluded from longitudinal analyses.

Effect: null