Modifiable early life exposures associated with adiposity and obesity in 3-year old children born to mothers with obesity

Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI >=35kg/m2 compared to obesity class I was associated with higher childhood adiposity measures and a 36% increased risk of overweight/obesity in 3-year-old children born to m

Effect: decline; RR 1.36; CI: 95% CI 1.06-1.74

Excessive gestational weight gain (>9kg) in mothers with obesity was associated with higher BMI z-score, weight-for-age z-score, and height-for-age z-score in 3-year-old children.

Effect: decline; beta = 0.24 SD; CI: 95% CI 0.002-0.47

Formula feeding on hospital discharge was associated with higher childhood adiposity and a 50% increased risk of overweight/obesity at age 3 compared to exclusive breastfeeding in children born to mot

Effect: decline; RR 1.50; CI: 95% CI 1.11-2.04

Partial breastfeeding at hospital discharge was not associated with any measure of childhood adiposity or obesity at age 3 compared to exclusive breastfeeding in children born to mothers with obesity.

Effect: null

Modifiable maternal and early childhood exposures combined incrementally to increase childhood adiposity and obesity, with children having 4 or more exposures showing a 3-fold increased risk of overwe

Effect: decline; RR 3.01; CI: 95% CI 1.67-5.41

The UPBEAT prenatal diet and physical activity intervention did not influence any measure of adiposity or obesity in 3-year-old children born to mothers with obesity.

Effect: null

Childhood dietary exposures (food responsiveness, slowness in eating, processed/snacking dietary pattern) combined incrementally to increase adiposity and obesity risk in 3-year-old children born to m

Effect: decline; RR 1.81; CI: 95% CI 1.32-2.50