Demonstrates adequate pain control without oral analgesics

Patients with only a possible diagnosis of LAS (no tenderness on palpation) did not benefit from biofeedback, EGS, or massage on any primary or secondary outcome measure.

Effect: null; No significant treatment benefit on any outcome measure

Patients with only a possible diagnosis of LAS (no tenderness on palpation) did not benefit from biofeedback, EGS, or massage on any primary or secondary outcome measure.

Effect: null; No significant treatment benefit on any outcome measure

Patients with only a possible diagnosis of LAS (no tenderness on palpation) did not benefit from biofeedback, EGS, or massage on any primary or secondary outcome measure.

Effect: null; No significant treatment benefit on any outcome measure

Patients with only a possible diagnosis of LAS (no tenderness on palpation) did not benefit from biofeedback, EGS, or massage on any primary or secondary outcome measure.

Effect: null; No significant treatment benefit on any outcome measure

Patients with only a possible diagnosis of LAS (no tenderness on palpation) did not benefit from biofeedback, EGS, or massage on any primary or secondary outcome measure.

Effect: null; No significant treatment benefit on any outcome measure

Patients with only a possible diagnosis of LAS (no tenderness on palpation) did not benefit from biofeedback, EGS, or massage on any primary or secondary outcome measure.

Effect: null; No significant treatment benefit on any outcome measure

Patients with only a possible diagnosis of LAS (no tenderness on palpation) did not benefit from biofeedback, EGS, or massage on any primary or secondary outcome measure.

Effect: null; No significant treatment benefit on any outcome measure

Patients with only a possible diagnosis of LAS (no tenderness on palpation) did not benefit from biofeedback, EGS, or massage on any primary or secondary outcome measure.

Effect: null; No significant treatment benefit on any outcome measure

Patients with only a possible diagnosis of LAS (no tenderness on palpation) did not benefit from biofeedback, EGS, or massage on any primary or secondary outcome measure.

Effect: null; No significant treatment benefit on any outcome measure

Patients with only a possible diagnosis of LAS (no tenderness on palpation) did not benefit from biofeedback, EGS, or massage on any primary or secondary outcome measure.

Effect: null; No significant treatment benefit on any outcome measure

Patients with only a possible diagnosis of LAS (no tenderness on palpation) did not benefit from biofeedback, EGS, or massage on any primary or secondary outcome measure.

Effect: null; No significant treatment benefit on any outcome measure

Patients with only a possible diagnosis of LAS (no tenderness on palpation) did not benefit from biofeedback, EGS, or massage on any primary or secondary outcome measure.

Effect: null; No significant treatment benefit on any outcome measure

Patients with only a possible diagnosis of LAS (no tenderness on palpation) did not benefit from biofeedback, EGS, or massage on any primary or secondary outcome measure.

Effect: null; No significant treatment benefit on any outcome measure

Patients with only a possible diagnosis of LAS (no tenderness on palpation) did not benefit from biofeedback, EGS, or massage on any primary or secondary outcome measure.

Effect: null; No significant treatment benefit on any outcome measure

Patients with only a possible diagnosis of LAS (no tenderness on palpation) did not benefit from biofeedback, EGS, or massage on any primary or secondary outcome measure.

Effect: null; No significant treatment benefit on any outcome measure

Patients with only a possible diagnosis of LAS (no tenderness on palpation) did not benefit from biofeedback, EGS, or massage on any primary or secondary outcome measure.

Effect: null; No significant treatment benefit on any outcome measure

Patients with only a possible diagnosis of LAS (no tenderness on palpation) did not benefit from biofeedback, EGS, or massage on any primary or secondary outcome measure.

Effect: null; No significant treatment benefit on any outcome measure

Patients with only a possible diagnosis of LAS (no tenderness on palpation) did not benefit from biofeedback, EGS, or massage on any primary or secondary outcome measure.

Effect: null; No significant treatment benefit on any outcome measure

Patients with only a possible diagnosis of LAS (no tenderness on palpation) did not benefit from biofeedback, EGS, or massage on any primary or secondary outcome measure.

Effect: null; No significant treatment benefit on any outcome measure

Patients with only a possible diagnosis of LAS (no tenderness on palpation) did not benefit from biofeedback, EGS, or massage on any primary or secondary outcome measure.

Effect: null; No significant treatment benefit on any outcome measure

Patients with only a possible diagnosis of LAS (no tenderness on palpation) did not benefit from biofeedback, EGS, or massage on any primary or secondary outcome measure.

Effect: null; No significant treatment benefit on any outcome measure

Patients with only a possible diagnosis of LAS (no tenderness on palpation) did not benefit from biofeedback, EGS, or massage on any primary or secondary outcome measure.

Effect: null; No significant treatment benefit on any outcome measure

Patients with only a possible diagnosis of LAS (no tenderness on palpation) did not benefit from biofeedback, EGS, or massage on any primary or secondary outcome measure.

Effect: null; No significant treatment benefit on any outcome measure

Patients with only a possible diagnosis of LAS (no tenderness on palpation) did not benefit from biofeedback, EGS, or massage on any primary or secondary outcome measure.

Effect: null; No significant treatment benefit on any outcome measure

Patients with only a possible diagnosis of LAS (no tenderness on palpation) did not benefit from biofeedback, EGS, or massage on any primary or secondary outcome measure.

Effect: null; No significant treatment benefit on any outcome measure

Patients with only a possible diagnosis of LAS (no tenderness on palpation) did not benefit from biofeedback, EGS, or massage on any primary or secondary outcome measure.

Effect: null; No significant treatment benefit on any outcome measure

Patients with only a possible diagnosis of LAS (no tenderness on palpation) did not benefit from biofeedback, EGS, or massage on any primary or secondary outcome measure.

Effect: null; No significant treatment benefit on any outcome measure

Among patients with highly likely LAS (tenderness on palpation), biofeedback achieved 87.1% adequate pain relief at 1 month compared to 45.2% for EGS and 22.2% for massage, with improvements sustained

Effect: improvement; 87.1% adequate relief at 1 month (biofeedback) vs 45.2% (EGS) vs 22.2% (massage)

Among patients with highly likely LAS (tenderness on palpation), biofeedback achieved 87.1% adequate pain relief at 1 month compared to 45.2% for EGS and 22.2% for massage, with improvements sustained

Effect: improvement; 87.1% adequate relief at 1 month (biofeedback) vs 45.2% (EGS) vs 22.2% (massage)

Among patients with highly likely LAS (tenderness on palpation), biofeedback achieved 87.1% adequate pain relief at 1 month compared to 45.2% for EGS and 22.2% for massage, with improvements sustained

Effect: improvement; 87.1% adequate relief at 1 month (biofeedback) vs 45.2% (EGS) vs 22.2% (massage)

Among patients with highly likely LAS (tenderness on palpation), biofeedback achieved 87.1% adequate pain relief at 1 month compared to 45.2% for EGS and 22.2% for massage, with improvements sustained

Effect: improvement; 87.1% adequate relief at 1 month (biofeedback) vs 45.2% (EGS) vs 22.2% (massage)

Among patients with highly likely LAS (tenderness on palpation), biofeedback achieved 87.1% adequate pain relief at 1 month compared to 45.2% for EGS and 22.2% for massage, with improvements sustained

Effect: improvement; 87.1% adequate relief at 1 month (biofeedback) vs 45.2% (EGS) vs 22.2% (massage)

Among patients with highly likely LAS (tenderness on palpation), biofeedback achieved 87.1% adequate pain relief at 1 month compared to 45.2% for EGS and 22.2% for massage, with improvements sustained

Effect: improvement; 87.1% adequate relief at 1 month (biofeedback) vs 45.2% (EGS) vs 22.2% (massage)

Among patients with highly likely LAS (tenderness on palpation), biofeedback achieved 87.1% adequate pain relief at 1 month compared to 45.2% for EGS and 22.2% for massage, with improvements sustained

Effect: improvement; 87.1% adequate relief at 1 month (biofeedback) vs 45.2% (EGS) vs 22.2% (massage)

Among patients with highly likely LAS (tenderness on palpation), biofeedback achieved 87.1% adequate pain relief at 1 month compared to 45.2% for EGS and 22.2% for massage, with improvements sustained

Effect: improvement; 87.1% adequate relief at 1 month (biofeedback) vs 45.2% (EGS) vs 22.2% (massage)

Among patients with highly likely LAS (tenderness on palpation), biofeedback achieved 87.1% adequate pain relief at 1 month compared to 45.2% for EGS and 22.2% for massage, with improvements sustained

Effect: improvement; 87.1% adequate relief at 1 month (biofeedback) vs 45.2% (EGS) vs 22.2% (massage)

Among patients with highly likely LAS (tenderness on palpation), biofeedback achieved 87.1% adequate pain relief at 1 month compared to 45.2% for EGS and 22.2% for massage, with improvements sustained

Effect: improvement; 87.1% adequate relief at 1 month (biofeedback) vs 45.2% (EGS) vs 22.2% (massage)

Among patients with highly likely LAS (tenderness on palpation), biofeedback achieved 87.1% adequate pain relief at 1 month compared to 45.2% for EGS and 22.2% for massage, with improvements sustained

Effect: improvement; 87.1% adequate relief at 1 month (biofeedback) vs 45.2% (EGS) vs 22.2% (massage)

Among patients with highly likely LAS (tenderness on palpation), biofeedback achieved 87.1% adequate pain relief at 1 month compared to 45.2% for EGS and 22.2% for massage, with improvements sustained

Effect: improvement; 87.1% adequate relief at 1 month (biofeedback) vs 45.2% (EGS) vs 22.2% (massage)

Among patients with highly likely LAS (tenderness on palpation), biofeedback achieved 87.1% adequate pain relief at 1 month compared to 45.2% for EGS and 22.2% for massage, with improvements sustained

Effect: improvement; 87.1% adequate relief at 1 month (biofeedback) vs 45.2% (EGS) vs 22.2% (massage)

Among patients with highly likely LAS (tenderness on palpation), biofeedback achieved 87.1% adequate pain relief at 1 month compared to 45.2% for EGS and 22.2% for massage, with improvements sustained

Effect: improvement; 87.1% adequate relief at 1 month (biofeedback) vs 45.2% (EGS) vs 22.2% (massage)

Among patients with highly likely LAS (tenderness on palpation), biofeedback achieved 87.1% adequate pain relief at 1 month compared to 45.2% for EGS and 22.2% for massage, with improvements sustained

Effect: improvement; 87.1% adequate relief at 1 month (biofeedback) vs 45.2% (EGS) vs 22.2% (massage)

Among patients with highly likely LAS (tenderness on palpation), biofeedback achieved 87.1% adequate pain relief at 1 month compared to 45.2% for EGS and 22.2% for massage, with improvements sustained

Effect: improvement; 87.1% adequate relief at 1 month (biofeedback) vs 45.2% (EGS) vs 22.2% (massage)

Among patients with highly likely LAS (tenderness on palpation), biofeedback achieved 87.1% adequate pain relief at 1 month compared to 45.2% for EGS and 22.2% for massage, with improvements sustained

Effect: improvement; 87.1% adequate relief at 1 month (biofeedback) vs 45.2% (EGS) vs 22.2% (massage)

Among patients with highly likely LAS (tenderness on palpation), biofeedback achieved 87.1% adequate pain relief at 1 month compared to 45.2% for EGS and 22.2% for massage, with improvements sustained

Effect: improvement; 87.1% adequate relief at 1 month (biofeedback) vs 45.2% (EGS) vs 22.2% (massage)

Among patients with highly likely LAS (tenderness on palpation), biofeedback achieved 87.1% adequate pain relief at 1 month compared to 45.2% for EGS and 22.2% for massage, with improvements sustained

Effect: improvement; 87.1% adequate relief at 1 month (biofeedback) vs 45.2% (EGS) vs 22.2% (massage)

Among patients with highly likely LAS (tenderness on palpation), biofeedback achieved 87.1% adequate pain relief at 1 month compared to 45.2% for EGS and 22.2% for massage, with improvements sustained

Effect: improvement; 87.1% adequate relief at 1 month (biofeedback) vs 45.2% (EGS) vs 22.2% (massage)

Among patients with highly likely LAS (tenderness on palpation), biofeedback achieved 87.1% adequate pain relief at 1 month compared to 45.2% for EGS and 22.2% for massage, with improvements sustained

Effect: improvement; 87.1% adequate relief at 1 month (biofeedback) vs 45.2% (EGS) vs 22.2% (massage)

Among patients with highly likely LAS (tenderness on palpation), biofeedback achieved 87.1% adequate pain relief at 1 month compared to 45.2% for EGS and 22.2% for massage, with improvements sustained

Effect: improvement; 87.1% adequate relief at 1 month (biofeedback) vs 45.2% (EGS) vs 22.2% (massage)

Among patients with highly likely LAS (tenderness on palpation), biofeedback achieved 87.1% adequate pain relief at 1 month compared to 45.2% for EGS and 22.2% for massage, with improvements sustained

Effect: improvement; 87.1% adequate relief at 1 month (biofeedback) vs 45.2% (EGS) vs 22.2% (massage)